Tokens

Subscribe to Tokens via RSS
feature-3

Recognizing new realities in decentralization, the regulations aim to provide market players with governance flexibility within distributed ledger technology foundations.

By Stuart Davis, Brian Meenagh, Andrew Moyle, and Ksenia Koroleva

On October 2, 2023, the Board of Directors of Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM), a financial free zone in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), enacted the Distributed Ledger Technology Foundations Regulations 2023 (Regulations). The Regulations were published on November 1, 2023.

Latham & Watkins has advised ADGM in drafting the Regulations. The Regulations were developed following extensive benchmarking across a number of peer jurisdictions and incorporate stakeholder feedback from ADGM’s April 2023 consultation paper. The adoption of the Regulations is part of the strategy to promote ADGM as a global center for digital assets.

The Regulations recognize the suitability of common law foundation structures for projects related to digital assets, and aim to allow maximum flexibility for the sector with respect to governance.

Bitcoin Secure global financial network crypto currency blockchain encryption

Revamped SFC and HKMA guidance applies to intermediaries that distribute products or provide dealing, advisory, and asset management services related to virtual assets.

By Simon Hawkins and Adrian Fong

On 20 October 2023, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) issued a joint circular (Joint Circular) to provide updated guidance to intermediaries conducting virtual asset (VA) activities. The Joint Circular revises a previous joint circular issued on 28 January 2022 (see Latham’s Client Alert).

The need to update the 2022 joint circular emerged after a new regulatory regime for virtual asset trading platforms (VATP) was launched in June 2023, which allowed such platforms to onboard retail investors (see Latham’s Client Alert) for the first time.

The milestone fund structure portends a reduced role for broker-dealers, who may be sidelined by innovators unwilling to wait for regulators.

By Stephen P. Wink and Deric Behar

On July 6, 2020, asset management firm Arca announced that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) granted it approval under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to issue shares of a closed-end US Treasury fund in the form of digital securities. The fund will comprise a managed portfolio invested primarily in interest-bearing and low-volatility short-term US government bills, bonds, and notes. Interests in the fund will be purchased directly from the fund and will be issued to approved Ethereum wallets as “ArCoin” ERC-1404 tokens, digital securities that are transferable using blockchain technology. ArCoins are decidedly not cryptocurrencies or stablecoins, but are securities tokens representing equity interests in the fund, with a net asset value that will fluctuate based on the value of the fund’s underlying Treasury assets in the same manner as other mutual fund shares.

Latham fintech partners explore tokenization and distributed business models with guest speakers from Energy Web Foundation, ConsenSys, and The LAO.

Tokenization of assets, as well as the innovation of blockchain-based distributed business models, have the potential to unlock asset liquidity, create more efficient, trustless and transparent processes, and reshape systems and entire industries by minimizing or removing the role of intermediaries. What is the current state of projects leveraging these technologies, and what relevant legal issues are arising and should be top-of-mind?

FCA finalises guidance on cryptoassets and consults on product intervention measures.

By Stuart Davis and Charlotte Collins

FCA guidance on the regulation of cryptoassets

As previously reported in this blog, the FCA consulted on guidance on cryptoassets in January 2019. This guidance is designed to help market participants understand how to classify different types of cryptoassets, within the existing regulatory framework. Although the guidance is not able to give definitive answers, and every cryptoasset must be assessed against the guidance based on its own particular features, this publication helps to create a much greater degree of clarity as to how the assessment ought to be performed, and which features are determinative for these purposes.

The FCA published its final guidance in PS19/22 on 31 July 2019. The guidance is substantially the same as that consulted on, save that the FCA has sought to reframe its taxonomy of cryptoassets to help market participants better understand which types of token are regulated. The FCA has included a new category of regulated tokens that constitute e-money, “e-money tokens”, rather than including e-money tokens within the utility tokens category. This provides a clearer distinction between regulated security tokens and e-money tokens on the one hand, and unregulated tokens (utility tokens and exchange tokens that do not fall within the above categories) on the other. However, the final guidance as to whether a token will constitute an e-money token has not changed from the draft version. The FCA has also provided further guidance on so-called “stablecoins”, and on when particular types of token might constitute e-money or securities. The FCA confirms that this determination will depend on the design and rights associated with a specific stablecoin and, therefore, requires a case-by-case assessment.

The regulators attempt to clarify their position on the possible custody of digital assets by broker-dealers, but questions remain.

By Stephen P. Wink, Cameron R. Kates, Shaun Musuka, and Deric Behar

The SEC and FINRA recently released a joint staff statement (Joint Statement) addressing the custody of digital asset securities by broker-dealers. For some time, registered broker-dealers and applicants have sought to facilitate digital asset transactions and the accompanying custody of such assets. However, their efforts have been stymied, in part due to a lack of interpretive guidance from the SEC and FINRA regarding how to custody digital assets in compliance with the relevant regulations. The Joint Statement is an initial step by the SEC and FINRA toward clarifying their positions on these issues. It makes clear that broker-dealers that do not seek to custody such assets but seek to otherwise engage in brokerage activities with digital assets (e.g., private placements or if the broker-dealer matches buyers and sellers who conduct settlement between themselves) should be permitted to do so. The bottom line, however, is that the regulators “are just not ready”[i] to approve broker-dealers to custody digital assets.

Federal legislators introduce two bills in an attempt to provide the blockchain economy with regulatory certainty.

By Stephen P. Wink, Morgan E. Brubaker, Cameron R. Kates, and Shaun Musuka

US regulators and federal legislators may be heeding the calls of crypto-enthusiasts for legal clarity regarding the status of digital assets and cryptocurrencies (collectively, Tokens). Two weeks ago, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) released an analytical framework for determining when a Token constitutes a security. Last week, US federal legislators followed up by introducing two bills that are designed to “provide regulatory certainty for businesses, entrepreneurs, and regulators in the US’ blockchain economy,” the Token Taxonomy Act of 2019 (H.R. 2144) (TTA) and the Digital Taxonomy Act of 2019 (H.R. 2154) (DTA, and together with the TTA, the Bills).

The SEC provides additional guidance for analyzing whether a digital asset is a security.

By Stephen P. Wink, Cameron R. Kates, and Shaun Musuka

On April 3, 2019, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s Strategic Hub for Innovation and Financial Technology (the SEC) released a framework (the Framework) for assessing whether a blockchain-issued token or digital asset (each, a Token) constitutes an investment contract. An investment contract is an enumerated type of security subject to US federal securities laws. The Framework does not have the force of law, but rather, provides additional guidance on the factors to consider when applying the Howey test to Tokens. For background regarding the Howey test, please see Latham’s Client Alert. Latham’s read of the Framework suggests two key takeaways. First, it provides added insight into how existing Tokens may be reevaluated over time and may cease to be subject to federal securities laws. Second, it offers the clearest guidance to date that Tokens that are designed and marketed as purely “virtual currency” should not be considered securities.