In the short term, firms are likely to face dual authorisation and significant regulatory requirements.
By Stuart Davis, Gabriel Lakeman, Brett Carr, and Emma Trankeenan
On 10 June 2025, the European Banking Authority (EBA) issued a No Action letter on the relationship between the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) and the Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2).
The No Action letter responds to a request from the European Commission (Commission) in December 2024 that sought clarification on issues



Many central banks around the world are currently considering central bank digital currency (CBDC). According to the Bank of International Settlements’ recent
This
After much anticipation, and following consultations with the industry at large, the game-changing Payment Services Act 2019 (PSA) has finally become operational.
